The Fiscal Administration of the Former Hunza State: From Internal Machinery to Colonial Transformation
Figure 1: Three Generations of Hunza Rulers, 1930. Left to right: Mir Muhammad Nazim Khan (r. 1892–1938), Mir Muhammad Ghazan Khan II (r. 1938–1945), and Mir Muhammad Jamal Khan (r. 1945–1974). Photograph by Sir Marc Aurel Stein, 13 September 1930. Source: Stein Collection, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Stein, 1930). Abstract Part I of this study examined the traditional taxation system of the former Hunza State. It focused on social classes, categories of taxation, and the methods used to collect surplus resources. Part II shifts attention away from the types of taxes. Instead, it examines the administrative machinery through which revenue was collected. It also analyses the wider territorial networks that provided fiscal resources to the state. This article draws on colonial records, local historical accounts, ethnographic observations, and later scholarship. It argues that Hunza's fiscal system functioned through two connected dimensions. The first dimension was an internal sys...